Anthocyanin-rich plants Plants rich in anthocyanins are Vaccinium species, such as blueberry, cranberry, and bilberry; Rubus berries, including black raspberry, red raspberry, and blackberry; blackcurrant, cherry, eggplant (aubergine) peel, black rice, Concord grape, muscadine grape, red cabbage, and violet petals. Red-fleshed peaches and apples contain anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are less abundant in banana, asparagus, pea, fennel, pear, and potato, and may be totally absent in certain cultivars of green gooseberries. The highest recorded amount appears to be specifically in the seed coat of black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) containing around 2 g per 100 g,in purple corn kernels and husks, and in skins and pulp of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.).Due to critical differences in sample origin, preparation and extraction methods determining anthocyanin content,the values presented in the adjoining table are not directly comparable. Nature, traditional agricul...
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Anthocyanin Biosynthesis & Pigment
Anthocyanins and carotenoids contribute distinctive pigmentation to blood oranges Anthocyanin pigments are assembled like all other flavonoids from two different Streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: One stream involves the shikimate pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine , (see phenylpropanoids) The other stream produces three molecules of malonyl-CoA, a C3 unit from a C2 unit (acetyl-CoA) These streams meet and are coupled together by the enzyme chalcone synthase, which forms an intermediate chalcone-like compound via a polyketide folding mechanism that is commonly found in plants. The chalcone is subsequently isomerized by the enzyme chalcone isomerase to the prototype pigment naringenin, Naringenin is subsequently oxidized by enzymes such as flavanone hydroxylase, flavonoid 3' hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3' 5'-hydroxylase. These oxidation products are further reduced by the enzy...




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