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Anthocyanin Biosynthesis & Pigment

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      Anthocyanins and carotenoids contribute distinctive pigmentation to blood oranges  Anthocyanin pigments are assembled like all other flavonoids from two different  Streams of chemical raw materials in the cell: One stream involves the shikimate pathway to produce the amino acid phenylalanine , (see phenylpropanoids) The other stream produces three molecules of malonyl-CoA, a C3 unit from a C2 unit (acetyl-CoA) These streams meet and are coupled together by the enzyme chalcone synthase, which forms an intermediate chalcone-like compound via a polyketide folding mechanism that is commonly found in plants.      The chalcone is subsequently isomerized by the enzyme chalcone isomerase to the prototype pigment naringenin, Naringenin is subsequently oxidized by enzymes such as flavanone hydroxylase, flavonoid 3' hydroxylase, and flavonoid 3' 5'-hydroxylase.       These oxidation products are further reduced by the enzyme dihydroflavonol 4-reductase to the cor
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Anthocyanin-rich plants Plants rich in anthocyanins are Vaccinium species, such as blueberry, cranberry, and bilberry; Rubus berries, including black raspberry, red raspberry, and blackberry; blackcurrant, cherry, eggplant (aubergine) peel, black rice, Concord grape, muscadine grape, red cabbage, and violet petals. Red-fleshed peaches and apples contain anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are less abundant in banana, asparagus, pea, fennel, pear, and potato, and may be totally absent in certain cultivars of green gooseberries. The highest recorded amount appears to be specifically in the seed coat of black soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) containing around 2 g per 100 g,in purple corn kernels and husks, and in skins and pulp of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa L.).Due to critical differences in sample origin, preparation and extraction methods determining anthocyanin content,the values presented in the adjoining table are not directly comparable. Nature, traditional agricul
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  The health promtoing benefits of Anthocyanidins Anthocyanidins   have been found to be very effective for a variety of health conditions.   Effect on Nervous System:   The human brain is prone to oxidative damages. Peroxynitrite nitration caused by tyrosine residues present in enzymes and   proteins   are responsible for brain damage. Nerve receptor sites are blocked by nitrated tyrosine. Active ingredient pelargonidin in   Anthocyanidin   prevent the nitration of tyrosine and restrict occurrence of any neurological damage caused to the nervous system. Effect on Blood Vessels: Anthocyanidin   can prevent atherosclerosis in large blood vessels. It can prevent the oxidation of low density lipoproteins in the blood vessels.   Anthocyanidins   present in bilberries are stronger antioxidants that vitamin C or even BHT (used as preservative).   Anthocyanidins   are also very effective in reducing stress on the blood vessels.   Micro-capillary integrity is maintained
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What are Anthocyanidins     Anthocyanidins, a class of flavonoids , are sugarless plant pigments. They are responsible for the intense color of fruits and vegetables such as blueberries , raspberries, and red cabbage. Plants with the most color typically contain the most anthocyanidins.     Cyanidin , delphinidin, and malvidin are examples of such flavonoids. These and others in this group are the subject of various types of research. These flavonoids are believed to be assets to human health. Much of the research currently being conducted has shown a great deal of promise.     Researchers have been surprised by how well anthocyanidins are maintained once they have been eaten. The environment inside the human body causes many other flavonoids to change once they are eaten. This typically causes them to lose their potential benefits. Anthocyanidins have so far proved unique in this regard      Many people intentionally incorporate foods that include these pigmen
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